Environmental exposures are part of everyday life. Some are harmless, while others can increase your risk of developing cancer. Environmental exposures you should limit include air pollution, chemicals, sunlight, radon, and smoke where you live, work, or spend your time.

For Coloradans, there are specific environmental factors to be aware of due to our state’s geography, as well as potential occupational exposures depending on where and how you work. Colorado’s high elevation can mean greater exposure to UV radiation. Additionally, naturally occurring radon is found in many areas, and during certain times of the year, wildfire smoke can significantly impact air quality.

The good news is that there are many practical steps you can take to reduce your exposure to known cancer risk factors. At Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers (RMCC), we believe that understanding your risks is an essential part of taking an active role in your health.

What Are Environmental Exposures?

Environmental exposures are substances or conditions in our surroundings that can affect our health. They may come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, soil, sunlight, chemicals, pollution, and materials encountered at home or in the workplace.

Researchers have identified specific environmental exposures that significantly increase the risk of certain types of cancer. However, other potential risks are still being studied to understand how long-term exposure may influence health.

It’s important to remember that environmental exposure alone does not automatically mean you will develop cancer. Most cancers develop over time as a result of several factors, including environmental exposures, age, genetics, and lifestyle.

Environmental Exposures That Matter in Colorado

Colorado's unique geography, climate, and industries create specific environmental exposures that residents should be aware of.

Radon Exposure

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas produced when uranium in soil and rock decays. It is colorless and odorless, making it undetectable without proper testing.

Radon can enter homes through cracks and openings in the foundation. Long-term exposure to elevated levels of radon significantly increases the risk of lung cancer, especially for smokers or those with a history of smoking.

In Colorado, radon is a particular concern. According to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, approximately half of the homes in the state exceed the safety threshold of four picocuries per liter (pCi/L), as set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Testing your home is one of the simplest ways to determine whether you are exposed to elevated radon levels. Inexpensive home testing kits are also available. If testing reveals high levels, mitigation systems can help reduce radon levels in your home.

Increased UV Exposure at High Altitude

Colorado is known for its abundant sunshine and outdoor recreation. However, higher altitudes receive stronger UV radiation than many lower elevations, increasing the risk of sun-related skin damage.

Long-term UV exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

It’s important to remember that UV exposure isn’t limited to the summer months. Snow can also reflect UV radiation, making sun protection essential for those who enjoy outdoor activities in winter.

To protect your skin, consider the following tips:

• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Be sure to reapply throughout the day.
• Wear protective clothing, a hat, and sunglasses.
• Limit prolonged sun exposure during peak hours.
• Visit your doctor annually for a skin check to identify anything that may be of concern.

Pay attention to changes between skin check visits and talk to your doctor if you notice anything new.

Wildfire Smoke and Air Pollution

Wildfires are a common sight in Colorado, and smoke can impact air quality even when a fire is miles away.

Wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5, along with other pollutants. These tiny particles can penetrate deep into the lungs. Exposure to wildfire smoke is known to affect respiratory and cardiovascular health, and researchers are studying the potential long-term effects of repeated exposure, including possible links to cancer. Additionally, certain outdoor air pollutants have been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer.

It’s important to remember that risk factors vary and that going outdoors occasionally on a smoky day doesn’t automatically mean you’ll develop cancer. However, staying aware of smoke levels in your area and monitoring how long and how often you are exposed can benefit your health.

During wildfire season, which generally lasts from May through September, you can reduce exposure by:

• Monitoring the Air Quality Index (AQI) before heading outdoors
• Limiting outdoor activity during heavy smoke
• Keeping windows and doors closed during times of heavy smoke
• Using indoor air filtration when possible

Once the air quality improves, you can get back to enjoying the outdoor recreation that makes Colorado such a special place to live.

Occupational Exposures

For some Coloradans, environmental exposures sometimes arise from their occupations. Certain jobs, including construction, mining, manufacturing, agriculture, firefighting, and other industrial roles, can involve exposure to substances that may increase cancer risk.

Potential workplace carcinogens include:

• Asbestos
• Silica dust
• Diesel exhaust
• Benzene
• Welding fumes
• Certain industrial chemicals

Workplace safety standards are designed to reduce these risks, and using recommended protective equipment can help minimize exposure.

Drinking Water and Environmental Chemicals

It's natural to have concerns about environmental chemicals, especially when news reports or new research raise questions about substances found in water or soil.

Researchers continue to study substances such as PFAS (often called "forever chemicals"), certain pesticides, and industrial contaminants. While some individual chemicals have been linked to health risks, including certain cancers, the data and potential health effects can vary depending on the specific substance and level of exposure.

This does not mean that everyday drinking water is unsafe. Most public water systems are monitored and regulated, and water quality may vary depending on your location and its source.

If you have questions about the water quality in your community, you can review information provided by your public health department. Regular water testing can also ease your mind if you rely on a private well.

Cancer Risk Is More Than Just Environmental Exposure

When you hear about a potential environmental cancer risk, it can be easy to focus solely on that one factor. However, a person’s cancer risk is influenced by a combination of many factors, including:

• Age
• Family history of cancer
• Genetics
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol consumption
• Diet
• Physical activity
• Obesity
• Environmental exposures

Some risk factors, such as age and genetics, cannot be changed, while others can be managed with healthier lifestyle choices, including preventative care. This is why it's important to consider your overall risk and take action where you can to lower it.

Practical Ways to Lower Your Cancer Risk

Adopting a few practical habits can help reduce your risk of developing cancer. Some steps you can take include:

• Testing your home for radon
• Protecting your skin from UV exposure year-round
• Avoiding tobacco products and secondhand smoke
• Following workplace safety recommendations
• Paying attention to air quality, especially during wildfire season
• Staying physically active
• Eating a balanced diet
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Keeping up to date with recommended cancer screenings

When Should You Talk to a Healthcare Provider?

You should consider talking with your primary care physician if you have questions about a significant or long-term exposure to radon, asbestos, silica, or other workplace hazards.

You should also discuss your concerns if you notice any changes or new spots on your skin, have a strong family history of cancer, or have known personal risk factors associated with cancer.

Your doctor will evaluate several factors to determine the appropriate cancer screenings for you and whether you may benefit from earlier or additional screening.

Understanding Your Risk Can Help You Take Control of Your Health

Colorado’s beauty and diversity offer much to its residents, which is why so many people enjoy living here. While it’s important to be aware of environmental exposures and other cancer risk factors, this awareness should not cause unnecessary fear. Instead, focus on your overall health and take reasonable steps to protect yourself.

If you have been diagnosed with cancer, RMCC is here to provide expert guidance and compassionate care throughout your cancer journey. Request an appointment at one of our convenient locations in Colorado, including the Denver area, Boulder, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo.