Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. In fact, most sexually active people will be exposed to HPV at some point in their lives. Most HPV infections go away on their own without causing health problems. However, some high-risk types of HPV can stay in the body for years and may eventually lead to cancer. 

Learning about HPV and its connection to cancer can help you take steps, such as prevention and screening, to protect your long-term health.

What Is HPV?

Human papillomavirus is a group of more than 200 related viruses. Most HPV infections do not cause serious health problems. However, some types of HPV are considered high risk because they can increase the risk of cancer. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are two of the most common high-risk types.

Fortunately, the body’s immune system clears the majority of HPV infections within two years without causing long-term health problems, including cancer. With that said, abnormal cell changes can build up over time and potentially lead to cancer when a high-risk infection remains in the body for many years.

Who Is At Risk for HPV Infections?

HPV infection is extremely common and can affect people of all genders, sexual orientations, and backgrounds. Nearly all sexually active people will be exposed to the virus at some point.

Although anyone can become infected, certain factors increase the likelihood that an HPV infection will persist instead of clearing naturally. These include:

• Having more than one sexual partner
• Becoming sexually active at a younger age
• A weakened immune system
• Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure

It’s possible that you will never know you were infected with the virus. However, understanding the possible effects of an HPV infection encourages preventative measures to reduce your risk.

How Does HPV Cause Cancer?

HPV-related cancers typically develop slowly. When a high-risk HPV infection stays in the body for many years, it can cause changes in cells. Over time, these changes can cause cells to grow out of control and become cancer.

The good news is that this process usually takes many years, allowing you to take steps to protect your health.

What Types of Cancer Are Linked to HPV?

Most people associate HPV with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the cancer most often linked to HPV, but HPV can also cause several other types of cancer.

Other types of cancer associated with HPV infection include:

• Oropharyngeal cancer, which can affect the throat and tonsils
• Anal cancer
• Penile cancer
• Vulvar and vaginal cancer

Are There Screening Tests for HPV-Related Cancers?

Cervical cancer is the only HPV-related cancer for which routine screening is recommended. Cervical cancer screening can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes before they develop into cancer. Depending on your age and health history, your health care provider may recommend an HPV test, a Pap test, or both.

An HPV test looks for high-risk types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer. A Pap test looks for abnormal changes in cells on the cervix. When these changes are found early, they can often be treated before they become cancer.

If your cervical screening results are abnormal, it does not necessarily mean you have cancer. Many abnormal results are caused by HPV infections or early cell changes that can be monitored or treated. Your health care provider can recommend the right follow-up based on your test results.

Can You Prevent HPV Infections?

The HPV vaccine protects against nine types of HPV, including types that cause most HPV-related cancers. Routine vaccination is recommended for boys and girls at ages 11 or 12, although vaccination can begin as early as age 9. The vaccine works best when given before someone is exposed to HPV.

Catch-up vaccination is recommended for everyone through age 26 who was not vaccinated earlier. Some adults ages 27 through 45 may also benefit from the vaccine. Talk with your health care provider to see if vaccination is right for you.

Additional Ways to Reduce Your Risk of HPV Infections

While vaccination provides strong protection against high-risk HPV, other healthy habits can also reduce your risk.

Practicing safer sex can lower your risk of getting HPV. Condoms can reduce the chance of HPV spreading, but they cannot fully prevent infection because HPV can spread through skin-to-skin contact.

Limiting the number of sexual partners you have can also decrease the risk of HPV exposure and infection. Avoiding tobacco products may also lower your risk. Smoking is linked to HPV infections that stay in the body and can increase the risk of cancer.

It’s also very important to keep up with routine preventative care. Regular checkups, cervical cancer screenings, and having unusual symptoms checked out promptly all contribute to earlier detection and better outcomes.

When to See a Doctor

HPV often causes no symptoms, so regular preventive care is important. Talk with your health care provider if you notice an unexplained lump, sore, unusual bleeding, or changes in your mouth, throat, or genital area. These symptoms can have many causes and do not necessarily mean you have cancer, but they should be checked.

Compassionate Care for HPV-Related Cancers in Colorado

While most HPV infections never become cancer, understanding your risk and staying current with recommended vaccinations and screenings can make a meaningful difference in protecting your long-term health.

If you or a loved one is diagnosed with an HPV-related cancer, the specialists at Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers are here to help. We combine advanced therapies with compassionate support, ensuring each patient receives personalized care tailored to their individual needs. Request an appointment at one of our convenient locations in Colorado, including the Denver area, Boulder, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo.